Category Ubuntu 8.04 Hardy Heron

Category: Ubuntu 8.04 Hardy Heron

13/05/2008 GMT 1

Ubuntu 8.04 Hardy Heron: Upgrade or clean install?

ubuntuland @ 14:44

Which path should you follow? Should you take advantage of Ubuntu's package manager and use it to upgrade your system to the latest 8.04 Hardy Heron release, or should you download a CD or DVD ISO image and do a clean install? Common wisdom says that doing a clean install is the better, safer course of action.

There may be a little extra work involved configuring everything once the latest and greatest is installed, but that's nothing compared to the pain of an update gone wrong, according to traditional thinking. But that cautious approach may no longer be necessary.

I did a clean install of Ubuntu 8.04 recently on my development machine. It was a quick and easy process. I backed up the data and configuration files residing in my /home directory, installed the new release, then copied my saved data back in place. Nothing to it, and everything worked when I was through.

But when the Ubuntu 7.10 package manager recently offered to upgrade me to release 8.04 when it was showing me the latest security updates available, I decided it was time to try the upgrade path as well.

I did this in spite of the advice I heard in the #ubuntu channel at irc.freenode.net. The unanimous opinion I received from the three people who responded was to do a clean install, although one of the three said he personally used upgrade because it left him with less to do afterward. The reasons for recommending a clean install included risk avoidance, better results for complex configurations, and speed. One of the three noted most of the 8.04 installation problems he had seen in the channel came from those taking the upgrade path.

Back up early and often

Click to enlarge When you do a clean install, you know beforehand that you are going to lose everything you don't specifically back up and then restore after the install. When you do an update, you hope that everything will still be there and still work when you're finished. The most important thing to remember when doing an update is the same thing that's most important to remember when you do a clean install: back up everything before you begin.

I have two hard drives on my primary desktop. One is almost completely dedicated to backing up my email, photo, video, and text files from my /home directory. It has gotten quite large over the years. Before starting the upgrade process to Ubuntu 8.04, I made sure my backups were completely up-to-date.

I started the upgrade at 11:00 a.m. one morning, and finally finished the process at 6:30 a.m. the next day. Yes, I did take time off to sleep, but that's still a long time. In comparison, doing a clean install took only an hour on my alternate desktop machine.

The process begins by downloading the upgrade tool. That's followed by something called "setting new software channels," which appears to be identifying which repositories you need in order to bring all currently installed applications up-to-date. Those two tasks combined took less than half an hour to finish.

The largest chunk of time -- about 12 hours -- was spent downloading new packages. I'm sure much of the reason for the slow speed can be attributed to the fact that many others were doing the same thing at the same time I was, with available bandwidth shrinking to fit demand. Downloading and burning a complete 8.04 ISO image took less than an hour a few days earlier. Because it took so long to download the new packages, I ran another backup of my email files when I was ready to start applying changes, then closed the email app -- just in case.

The next step was to install and configure the new packages. This, too, takes longer to do than starting from scratch with a new install -- about an hour on my machine. Early on, the progress bar advised I had 33 minutes remaining, but the remaining time shown increased the further it went. In the end, I went to bed and let it continue by itself. A couple of the applications (CUPS and PostgreSQL) required interactive participation, so when I returned to the computer the next morning, I had to choose between keeping the old configuration files or replacing them.

The remaining upgrade steps (cleanup and reboot) went smoothly, and I finally found myself sitting across the keyboard from Ubuntu 8.04, almost 24 hours after my journey began. But my email accounts and data were there immediately, and my browser toolbar and bookmarks were present and accounted for as well.

Which is best?

Having installed Ubuntu 8.04 both ways, by upgrade and also with a fresh installation, which do I prefer and which would I recommend? The answers are not the same.

After having used both, I'm solidly in the "clean install" corner. It was faster by far, and not only seems to be a cleaner course of action, with fewer opportunities for a misstep, but offers greater control over how the new installation will operate, since any and all control decisions bubble up to the surface during the process.

But the clean install approach may not be the right choice for you. In my mind, the swing point in the decision is this: if you are an experienced Ubuntu user more interested in having a system ready to use and as identical to the previous installation as possible, consider an upgrade instead of an install. If you are not as confident in your Ubuntu-foo, or are more interested in having the latest and greatest packages rather than a system that behaves immediately just as the previous one did, go with a clean install.

The good news is that both processes seemed to work well for me.

Ubuntu 8.04 LTS ("Hardy Heron") HardyUpgrades

This document provides instructions and notes on upgrading to Ubuntu 8.04 LTS (Hardy Heron), released on the 24th of April 2008.

Before you start

You can directly upgrade to Ubuntu 8.04 LTS ("Hardy Heron") from Ubuntu 7.10 ("Gutsy Gibbon") or from Ubuntu 6.06 LTS ("Dapper Drake"). This page contains instructions for both. (see UpgradeNotes)
Be sure that you have all updates applied to your current version of Ubuntu before you upgrade.
Before upgrading it is recommended that you read the release notes for Ubuntu 8.04 LTS, which document caveats and workarounds for known issues in this version.

Note: If you have a version of Ubuntu other than 6.06 LTS or 7.10, please see Installation/UpgradeFromOldVersion for information on how to upgrade.

Upgrade from 7.10 to 8.04 LTS

Network upgrade for Ubuntu desktops (recommended)

You can easily upgrade over the network with the following procedure.

Open System -> Administration -> Update Manager
Click the Check button to check for new updates.
If there are any updates to install, use the Install Updates button to install them, and press Check again after that is complete.
A message will appear informing you of the availability of the new release.
Click Upgrade.
Follow the on-screen instructions.

Network upgrade for Kubuntu desktops (recommended)

To upgrade from Kubuntu 7.10 to 8.04, over the internet, use the following procedure.

For a full graphical presentation of these steps, please review HardyUpgrades/Kubuntu.

From the K-Menu run Adept Manager.
Click Fetch Updates.
The Version Upgrade button will appear. Click it.
Follow the prompts

Network upgrade for Ubuntu servers (recommended)

Install update-manager-core if it is not already installed:
```
sudo apt-get install update-manager-core 
```
login as root user:
```
sudo passwd root 
```
Enter passwords the change user to root:
```
su 
```
Launch the upgrade tool:
```
do-release-upgrade 
```
Follow the on-screen instructions.

Note: It's not recommended to upgrade your system through ssh

Upgrade from 6.06 LTS to 8.04 LTS

This section describes how to perform 6.06 LTS ("Dapper") -> 8.04 LTS ("Hardy") upgrades.

Network upgrade for Ubuntu desktops (recommended)

Make sure the "dapper-updates" software channel is enabled.
Be sure that you have all updates applied before you upgrade.
Press Alt-F2 and type gksu "update-manager -d"
Click the Check button to check for new updates.
A message will appear informing you of the availability of the new release.
Click Upgrade.
Follow the on-screen instructions.

Network upgrade for Kubuntu desktops (recommended)

To upgrade from Kubuntu 6.06 to 8.04 over the Internet you can use a special mode in the server upgrade system.

enable the "dapper-updates" repository
install the new "update-manager-core" package - dependencies include python-apt, python-gnupginterface and python2.4-apt.
run "do-release-upgrade -d -m desktop" in a terminal window
follow the steps on the terminal window

Network upgrade for Ubuntu servers (recommended)

If you run an Ubuntu server, you should use the new server upgrade system.

enable the "dapper-updates" repository
install the new "update-manager-core" package - dependencies include python-apt, python-gnupginterface and python2.4-apt.
run "do-release-upgrade -d" in a terminal window
follow the steps on the terminal window

Upgrading using the alternate CD/DVD

Use this method if the system being upgraded is not connected to the Internet.

Download and burn the alternate installation CD.
Insert it into your CD-ROM drive.
A dialog will be displayed offering you the opportunity to upgrade using that CD.
Follow the on-screen instructions.

If the upgrade dialog is not displayed for any reason, you may also run the following command using Alt+F2:

gksu "sh /cdrom/cdromupgrade"

Or in Kubuntu run the following command using Alt+F2:

kdesu "sh /cdrom/cdromupgrade"

Upgrading from a torrent

If you're familiar with torrents and have an ISP that doesn't limit them, you can download the upgrade much more quickly. You'll also be sharing your bandwidth with other Ubuntu users and helping to reduce the load on the servers, which is especially useful on release days when the server overload causes problems. Basic instructions:

Download the ISO file for the alternate installation CD using the .torrent http://releases.ubuntu.com file found on
Mount the ISO as a drive or burn it to a physical CD
Follow the alternate CD upgrade instructions

Detailed instructions here and here.

source: linux.com & ubuntu.com

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05/05/2008 GMT 1

Ubuntu's OpenGL face browser with GNOME Desktop Manager

ubuntuland @ 08:54

GDM (the GNOME Display Manager) provides an alternative display manager for the X Window System.

The X Window System by default uses the XDM display manager. However, resolving XDM configuration issues typically involves editing a configuration file. GDM allows users to customize or troubleshoot settings without having to resort to a command line. Users can pick their session type on a per-login basis. GDM also features easy customisation with themes.

It is used on many Linux distributions and is often the first interactive part of the desktop that users experience after the computer finishes booting. GDM is themable, and is often customized by distributors to include branding, but has changed little over the years.

GNOME eye-candy expert Mirco Müller, who is employed by Canonical, is currently working on refining the login experience to make it aesthetically richer and more interactive. He is designing an animated face browser for the next generation GNOME display manager, which will be used in a future version of Ubuntu. Although the functional details and visual design haven't been finalized yet, the basic experience is documented in a specification at the Ubuntu wiki.

According to the proposal, the new face browser will display user account images in a grid and will allow users to select their account either by clicking an image or typing their username. The face browser will automatically filter the visible images while the user is typing so that only accounts with usernames that match the inputted letters are displayed. After an account is selected, the user will be prompted for their password. Tools like GNOME's new Cheese webcam utility could also potentially be integrated with GDM configuration utilities so that users can take their own picture and use it as their account icon.

Queen of England

Some of the copyright notices of GDM refer to the "Queen of England", who is also named as a maintainer in release announcements since version 2.2.1. It was only later that the developers realised that there has been no "Queen of England" since the Acts of Union of 1707.

Easter Eggs

GDM has a few easter eggs, in the form of strings to be entered in the username box. These can be found in the source file "gui/guilogin.c", in a function named "evil".

* Dancing login - type "Start Dancing" to start, and "Stop Dancing" to stop. (This requires the standard greeter, rather than the graphical one).
* "Gimme Random Cursor" - can be used repeatedly.
* "Require Quarter" (or "Require Quater", for backward compatibility with a typo in the original), then log in normally - a dialog box appears after entering the password.

Müller intends to develop the new login interface with Clutter, an open source canvas and scene-graph library built on OpenGL. Clutter, which is being developed by OpenedHand, is one of several canvas solutions that is being evaluated for potential inclusion in the next generation of the GTK+ toolkit. Clutter is also being tested experimentally in GNOME's image viewer and in at least one program in GNOME's game collection.

Müller has used Clutter to create an intriguing interactive animation prototype that provides some insight into what the face browser might eventually look like. The video is available for download from his web site. Keep in mind that it's still just an early experiment for testing animation capabilities and the Clutter API. It's a very impressive start and does a nice job of showing how Clutter can be used to add some extra polish to a simple interface.

!-- INIZIO del codice HTML di zanox-affiliato -->

The GDM Daemon

GDM was written with simplicity and security in mind. The overall design concept is this:

Upon startup the gdm daemon parses its config file gdm.conf. For each of the local displays gdm forks an Xserver and a slave process. The main gdm process will then listen to XDMCP requests from remote displays and monitor the local display sessions.

The gdm slave process opens the display and starts gdmlogin, the graphical login program. gdmlogin runs as a dedicated user and communicates asynchronously with the slave process through a pipe.

GDM relies heavily on the presence of PAM, Pluggable Authentication Modules, but supports regular crypt() and shadow passwords on legacy systems.

Remote displays can connect to the XDMCP port on the GDM host. gdm will grant access to hosts specified in the gdm service section in your TCP Wrappers configuration file. GDM does not support remote display access control on systems without TCP Wrappers. XDMCP support can be turned off completely, however.

GDM includes several measures making it more resistant to denial of service attacks on the XDMCP service. A lot of the protocol parameters, handshaking timeouts etc. can be fine tuned. The defaults should work for most systems, however. Don't change them unless you know what you're doing.

In general GDM is very reluctant regarding reading/writing of user files. For instance it refuses to touch anything but regular files. Links, sockets and devices are ignored. The value of the RelaxPermissions parameter determines whether GDM should accept files writable by the user's group or others. These are ignored by default.

All operations on user files are done with the effective userid of the user. If the sanity check fails on the user's .Xauthority file, a fallback cookie is created in /tmp.

Finally, the sysadmin can specify the maximum file size GDM should accept, and, if the face browser is enabled, a tunable maximum icon size is also enforced. On large systems it is still advised to turn off the face browser for performance reasons. Looking up icons in homedirs, scaling and rendering face icons can take quite a long time. YMMV.

XDMCP

GDM also supports the X Display Manager Protocol (XDMCP) for managing remote displays.

GDM listens to UDP port 177 and will repond to QUERY and BROADCAST_QUERY requests by sending a WILLING packet to the originator.

GDM can also be configured to honor INDIRECT queries and present a host chooser to the remote display. GDM will remember the user's choice and forward subsequent requests to the chosen manager.

GDM only supports the MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1 authentication system. Little is gained from the other schemes, and no effort has been made to implement them so far.

Since it is fairly easy to do denial of service attacks on the XDMCP service, GDM incorporates a few features to guard against attacks. Please read the XDMCP reference section below for more information.

Even though GDM tries to outsmart potential attackers, it is still adviced that you block UDP port 177 on your firewall unless you really need it. GDM guards against DoS attacks, but the X protocol is still inherently insecure and should only be used in controlled environments.

Even though your display is protected by cookies the XEvents and thus the keystrokes typed when entering passwords will still go over the wire in clear text. It is trivial to capture these. You should also be aware that cookies, if placed on an NFS mounted directory, are prone to eavesdropping too.

The face browser

The greeter provides a face browser containing icons for all the users on a system. The icons can be installed globally by the sysadmin or in the users' home directories.

The face browser makes a few assumptions about your environment. First of all, the greeter runs under a dedicated userid, and therefore any face icons located in user directories must be readable to the gdm user. I.e. all home- and ~/.gnome directories must be made readable and executable to the ``other'' group on the system.

Similarly, face icons placed in the global face directory must be readable to the gdm user.

Please note that loading and scaling face icons located in user home directories can be a very time consuming task. Especially on large systems or systems running NIS. The browser feature is only intended for systems with relatively few users.

To filter out unwanted user names in the browser, an exclude option is implemented. The greeter will automatically ignore usernames listed in the Exclude statement in the config file.

When the browser is turned on, valid usernames on the machine are inherently exposed to a potential intruder. If your system is connected directly to the Internet, this might be a bad idea.

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14/03/2008 GMT 1

Software Packages in "Hardy Heron ": Administration Utilities

ubuntuland @ 16:39

Utilities to administer system resources, manage user accounts, etc.

acct (6.4~pre1-4ubuntu1): The GNU Accounting utilities for process and login accounting
acpi-support (0.105): a collection of useful events for acpi
acpid (1.0.4-5ubuntu8): Utilities for using ACPI power management
acpidump (20061130-1) [universe]: utilities to dump system's ACPI tables to an ASCII file
add-apt-key (1.0-0.5) [universe]: Command line tool to add GPG keys to the APT keyring
adjtimex (1.23-1) [universe]: Utility to display or set the kernel time variables
adtool (1.3-1ubuntu1) [universe]: command line utility for Active Directory administration
afflib (1.6.31-0ubuntu1) [universe]: Tools to use AFF segmented archive files
aide (0.13.1-8): Advanced Intrusion Detection Environment - static binary
aide-common (0.13.1-8): Advanced Intrusion Detection Environment - Common files
aide-dynamic (0.13.1-8) [universe]: Advanced Intrusion Detection Environment - dynamic binary
aide-xen (0.13.1-8) [universe]: Advanced Intrusion Detection Environment - static binary for XEN
alien (8.69): convert and install rpm and other packages
amavis-stats (0.1.12-7.5) [universe]: Virus statistics RRDtool frontend for Amavis
amiga-fdisk (0.04-11) [universe]: Partition editor for Amiga
anacron (2.3-13ubuntu2): cron-like program that doesn't go by time
aoetools (23-0ubuntu5) [universe]: tools to assist in using ATA over Ethernet
apachetop (0.12.6-7) [universe]: Realtime Apache monitoring tool
apcupsd (3.14.2-1build1) [universe]: APC UPS Power Management (daemon)
apg (2.2.3.dfsg.1-2) [universe]: Automated Password Generator - Standalone version
apmd (3.2.2-8.1ubuntu1): Utilities for Advanced Power Management (APM)
apmd: virtual package provided by powersaved
approx (3.0.0) [universe]: caching proxy server for Debian archive files
apt-listbugs (0.0.84) [universe]: Lists critical bugs before each apt installation
apt-move (4.2.27-1ubuntu5) [universe]: Maintain Debian packages in a package pool
apt-proxy (1.9.36.1ubuntu1) [universe]: Debian archive proxy and partial mirror builder
apt-rpm-repository (0.5.15lorg3.2-4) [universe]: tools to create an APT RPM repository
apt-show-source (0.10) [universe]: Shows source-package information
apt-show-versions (0.12ubuntu1) [universe]: lists available package versions with distribution
apt-src (0.25.1-0.1) [universe]: manage Debian source packages
apt-transport-debtorrent (0.2.0ubuntu1) [universe]: an APT transport for communicating with DebTorrent
apt-transport-https (0.7.9ubuntu15): APT https transport
apt-utils (0.7.9ubuntu15): APT utility programs
apt-watch (0.3.2-10ubuntu1) [universe]: Applet that monitors apt sources for upgrades (transitional package)
apt-watch-backend (0.3.2-10ubuntu1) [universe]: Applet that monitors apt sources for upgrades (backend slave)
apt-watch-gnome (0.3.2-10ubuntu1) [universe]: Applet that monitors apt sources for upgrades (GNOME applet)
apt-xapian-index (0.6) [universe]: Maintenance tools for a Xapian index of Debian package information
apt-zip (0.17) [universe]: Update a non-networked computer using apt and removable media
apticron (1.1.20) [universe]: cron-script to mail impending apt updates
aptitude (0.4.9-2ubuntu4): terminal-based package manager
aptitude-doc-cs (0.4.9-2ubuntu4) [universe]: Czech manual for aptitude, a terminal-based package manager
aptitude-doc-en (0.4.9-2ubuntu4) [universe]: English manual for aptitude, a terminal-based package manager
aptoncd (0.1.98-0ubuntu1) [universe]: Installation disc creator for packages downloaded via APT
aptsh (0.0.7ubuntu5) [universe]: apt interactive shell
apturl (0.2.0ubuntu1): Install package with the apt protocol
arp-scan (1.6-2) [universe]: arp scanning and fingerprinting tool
arpwatch (2.1a13-2) [universe]: Ethernet/FDDI station activity monitor
array-info (0.15-1) [universe]: command line tool reporting RAID status for several RAID types
array-util (1.9-2build2) [universe]: configuration viewer for HP (Compaq) SmartArray controllers
arrayprobe (2.0-2) [universe]: command line HP (Compaq) SmartArray status checker
at (3.1.10ubuntu4): Delayed job execution and batch processing
atop (1.22) [universe]: Monitor for system resources and process activity
atsar (1.7-2) [universe]: system activity reporter
audispd-plugins (1.6.5-0ubuntu2) [universe]: Plugins for the audit event dispatcher
auditd (1.6.5-0ubuntu2) [universe]: User space tools for security auditing
auth-client-config (0.6): pam and NSS profile switcher
auto-apt (0.3.21) [universe]: package search by file and on-demand package installation tool
autolog (0.40-10) [universe]: Terminates connections for idle users
autopsy (2.08-2) [universe]: graphical interface to SleuthKit
backup-manager (0.7.6-3) [universe]: command-line backup tool
backup-manager-doc (0.7.6-3) [universe]: documentation package for Backup Manager
backup2l (1.4) [universe]: low-maintenance backup/restore tool for mountable media
backupninja (0.9.5-2) [universe]: lightweight, extensible meta-backup system
bacula (2.2.8-5ubuntu1) [universe]: Network backup, recovery and verification (Meta-package)
bacula-client (2.2.8-5ubuntu1) [universe]: Network backup, recovery and verification (Client meta-package)
bacula-common (2.2.8-5ubuntu1) [universe]: Network backup, recovery and verification (Common Support files)
bacula-console (2.2.8-5ubuntu1) [universe]: Network backup, recovery and verification (Mgmt. Console)
bacula-director-common (2.2.8-5ubuntu1) [universe]: Network backup, recovery and verification (Director common files)
bacula-director-mysql (2.2.8-5ubuntu1) [universe]: Network backup, recovery and verification (Director daemon)
bacula-director-pgsql (2.2.8-5ubuntu1) [universe]: Network backup, recovery and verification (Director daemon)
bacula-director-sqlite (2.2.8-5ubuntu1) [universe]: Network backup, recovery and verification (Director daemon)
bacula-director-sqlite3 (2.2.8-5ubuntu1) [universe]: Network backup, recovery and verification (Director daemon)
bacula-fd (2.2.8-5ubuntu1) [universe]: Network backup, recovery and verification (Filer daemon)
bacula-sd (2.2.8-5ubuntu1) [universe]: Network backup, recovery and verification (Storage daemon)
bacula-sd-mysql (2.2.8-5ubuntu1) [universe]: Network backup, recovery and verification (SD tools-MySQL)
bacula-sd-pgsql (2.2.8-5ubuntu1) [universe]: Network backup, recovery and verification (SD tools-PostgreSQL)
bacula-sd-sqlite (2.2.8-5ubuntu1) [universe]: Network backup, recovery and verification (SD tools-SQLite)
bacula-sd-sqlite3 (2.2.8-5ubuntu1) [universe]: Network backup, recovery and verification (SD tools-SQLite3)
bacula-server (2.2.8-5ubuntu1) [universe]: Network backup, recovery and verification (Server meta-package)
bacula-traymonitor (2.2.8-5ubuntu1) [universe]: Network backup, recovery and verification (Tray monitor)
balance (3.35-1) [universe]: Surprisingly successful load balancing solution and generic tcp proxy
bastille (1:2.1.1-18) [universe]: Security hardening tool
battery-stats (0.3.3-1.1) [universe]: Collects statistics about charge of laptop batteries
bcfg2 (0.9.4-2) [universe]: Configuration management client
bcfg2-server (0.9.4-2) [universe]: Configuration management server
bcron (0.09-4) [universe]: Bruce's cron system (programs)
bcron-run (0.09-4) [universe]: Bruce's cron system
bindgraph (0.2a-2.1) [universe]: DNS statistics RRDtool frontend for BIND9
binfmt-support (1.2.10) [universe]: Support for extra binary formats
bkhive (1.1.1-1) [universe]: Dump the syskey bootkey from a Windows NT/2K/XP system hive
bkp (0.5.2-1) [universe]: Backup utilities
bld (0.3.2-3.1) [universe]: Black List Daemon, automatically build blacklists
bld-postfix (0.3.2-3.1) [universe]: Postfix tools for the Black List Daemon
bld-tools (0.3.2-3.1) [universe]: Generic tools for Black List Daemon
blktool (4-4) [universe]: tune low-level block device parameters
bluetooth (3.26-0ubuntu3): Bluetooth stack utilities
bluez-audio (3.26-0ubuntu3): Bluetooth audio support
bluez-cups (3.26-0ubuntu3): Bluetooth printer driver for CUPS
bluez-hcidump (1.40-0ubuntu1) [universe]: Analyses Bluetooth HCI packets
bluez-pcmcia-support (3.26-0ubuntu3) [universe]: PCMCIA support files for BlueZ 2.0 Bluetooth tools
bluez-utils (3.26-0ubuntu3): Bluetooth tools and daemons
bmconf (0.8.4-0.1 [i386], 0.8.4 [amd64]) [universe]: The installer and configurator of the Smart Boot Manager
bootchart (0.9-0ubuntu7): boot sequence auditing and chart generator
brltty (3.9-5ubuntu2): Access software for a blind person using a braille display
brltty-flite (3.9-5ubuntu2) [universe]: Access software for a blind person using a braille display
brltty-x11 (3.9-5ubuntu2): Access software for a blind person using a braille display
bsign (0.4.5) [universe]: Corruption & intrusion detection using embedded hashes
btrfs-source (0.8-1) [universe]: Source for the Btrfs filesystem driver
btrfs-tools (0.8-1) [universe]: Checksumming Copy on Write Filesystem
bum (2.1.10-1) [universe]: graphical runlevel editor
c2050 (0.3b-1) [universe]: Lexmark 2050 Color Jetprinter Linux Driver
calife (3.0pre7-1) [universe]: Provides super user privileges to specific users
canoe (0.1.0-2) [universe]: Log file aggregator and report tool (Gtk2 frontend)
cdbackup (0.7.0-4) [universe]: CD-R(W) backup utility
cdebootstrap (0.4.4ubuntu1) [universe]: Bootstrap a Debian system
cdebootstrap-static (0.4.4ubuntu1) [universe]: Bootstrap a Debian system - static binary
cedar-backup2 (2.9.0-1) [universe]: local and remote backups to CD-R/CD-RW media
cfengine2 (2.2.3-1) [universe]: Tool for configuring and maintaining network machines
cfgstoragemaker (1.1-3) [universe]: MRTG config generator for storage monitoring via SNMP
checkinstall (1.6.1-5ubuntu1) [universe]: installation tracker
checksecurity (2.0.7-11ubuntu1): basic system security checks
checkservice (1.1.0-12) [universe]: Checks the status of services on (remote) hosts
chiark-really (4.1.24) [universe]: really - a tool for gaining privilege (simple, realistic sudo)
chiark-scripts (4.1.24) [universe]: chiark system administration scripts
chntpw (0.99.3-1) [multiverse]: NT SAM password recovery utility
chpax (0.7-2) [universe]: user-space utility to control PaX flags
chrony (1.21z-5) [universe]: Sets your computer's clock from time servers on the Net
chrootuid (1.3-5) [universe]: Run commands in restricted environments
clusterssh (3.21-2) [universe]: administer multiple ssh or rsh shells simultaneously
clvm (2.02.26-1ubuntu8): Cluster LVM Daemon for lvm2
cman (2.20080227-0ubuntu1): cluster manager
cobalt-panel-utils (1.0.2-3) [universe]: System utilities for Sun Cobalt's LCD and LEDs
comedi-source (0.7.75-1) [universe]: Comedi kernel module source
command-not-found (0.2.15ubuntu1): Suggest installation of packages in interactive bash sessions
command-not-found-data (0.2.15ubuntu1): Set of data files for command-not-found.
compartment (1.1.0-3) [universe]: Confine services in a limited environment
configure-debian (1.0.2ubuntu1) [universe]: central configuration program for packages using debconf
console-log (1.0-14) [universe]: Puts a logfile pager on virtual consoles
consolekit (0.2.3-3ubuntu3): framework for defining and tracking users, sessions and seats
conspy (1.4-1) [universe]: Remote control of Linux virtual consoles
coolkey (1.1.0-4) [universe]: Smart Card PKCS #11 cryptographic module
couriergraph (0.25-3.3) [universe]: Mail statistics RRDtool frontend for Courier-{POP,IMAP}
cpqarrayd (2.2-3build2) [universe]: monitoring tool for HP (Compaq) SmartArray controllers
cpu (1.4.3-11) [universe]: a console based LDAP user management tool
cpudyn (1.0-2) [universe]: CPU dynamic frequency control for processors with scaling
cpufreqd (2.2.1-2) [universe]: fully configurable daemon for dynamic frequency and voltage scaling
cpuid (3.3-9) [universe]: Intel and AMD x86 CPUID display program
cpulimit (1.1-10) [universe]: limits the cpu usage of a process
crack (5.0a-9) [universe]: Password guessing program
crack: virtual package provided by crack-md5
crack-common (5.0a-9) [universe]: Password guessing program
crack-md5 (5.0a-9) [universe]: Password guessing program
cracklib-runtime (2.7-19): runtime support for password checker library cracklib2
createrepo (0.4.10-1) [universe]: generates the metadata necessary for a RPM package repository
cron (3.0pl1-100ubuntu1): management of regular background processing
cron: virtual package provided by bcron-run
cron-apt (0.6.4) [universe]: automatic update of packages using apt-get
cruft (0.9.10) [universe]: Find any cruft built up on your system
cryptkeeper (0.9.0-1) [universe]: EncFS system tray applet for GNOME
cryptmount (2.1-1) [universe]: Management and user-mode mounting of encrypted file systems
cryptsetup (2:1.0.5-2ubuntu9): configures encrypted block devices
csync2 (1.34-1ubuntu1) [universe]: cluster synchronization tool
cvm (0.76-2build1) [universe]: Credential Validation Modules
cvm-mysql (0.76-2build1) [universe]: Credential Validation Modules (mysql)
cvm-pgsql (0.76-2build1) [universe]: Credential Validation Modules (postgresql)
das-watchdog (0.3.1-2) [universe]: solves system lock-ups by making all processes non-realtime
dbconfig-common (1.8.36) [universe]: common framework for packaging database applications
dbishell (0.8.9-7.2) [universe]: Interactive SQL shell with readline support
dcfldd (1.3.4.1-2) [universe]: enhanced version of dd for forensics and security
dchroot (1.1.5-1.1) [universe]</

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